Early Years Foundation Stage for Childminding Essay Example for Free

Early Years Foundation Stage for Childminding Essay The EYFS is set to guarantee all youngsters in early year’s settings incorporating kids with handicaps and exceptional needs have the most ideal beginning in life which they merit. A kid needs to not just have a sheltered, secure and glad youth yet in addition one which is wealthy in positive child rearing and top notch learning. These will give the establishments and instruments a youngster needs to arrive at their maximum capacity. The EYFS must be trailed by all early years’ suppliers to guarantee that youngsters learn and grow well and are protected sound and. The EYFS is set to help get ready youngsters for school, truly and sincerely and set an establishment for a positive advancement through school and life. Kids create at an attack rate between birth-5 years and encounters between this time dramatically affect their future. Key Points of the Early Years Foundation stage †¢ Good quality and predictable consideration inside all early years’ settings to guarantee each and every youngster gains great ground. †¢ A protected establishment through learning and advancement openings which are arranged around the necessities and premiums of every individual kid and are surveyed and investigated normally †¢ Partnership working among specialists and with guardians or potentially carers †¢ Equality of chance and hostile to biased work on, guaranteeing that each kid is incorporated and upheld. EYFS necessities for learning and advancement †¢ All Early year suppliers must assist youngsters with moving in the direction of the early learning objectives, the information, abilities and understanding a kid ought to have before the finish of the scholastic year wherein they turn five. †¢ Shape exercises and encounters inside the setting to empower each youngster to have the most obvious opportunity with regards to arriving at these learning objectives. †¢ set up evaluation courses of action and prerequisites for estimating progress and for answering to guardians as well as carers. EYFS prerequisites for protecting and government assistance Early years suppliers must set up prerequisites to guarantee a child’s security and advance their government assistance considering the accompanying focuses. †¢ Every youngster is extraordinary and exceptional and kids who are continually learning will turn out to be progressively certain, autonomous, and develop in confidence. †¢ Positive connections empower youngsters to be solid and free †¢ A feeding situation which reacts to a child’s singular needs will empower them to learn and grow well. This will likewise be the situation through a decent solid organization between parent/care and guardian. †¢ Children learn and create in various manners and at various rates.

Grandparents House: A Home Away From Home Essay -- Descriptive Writin

Grandparents' House: A Home Away From Home As I approach the go to my Grandparent's home, my stomach turns in expectation of the sweet sugar treat smell that is standing by. I turn up the long slender rock street and park my vehicle before their home. I step outside and a crisp little breeze chomps at my cheeks. I take a full breath and the sweet smell of consuming cedar enters my nose. I admire the smokestack and see the dim puffs of smoke disperse as it hits the still winter air. I shut the vehicle entryway and follow the walkway to the indirect access. I open the entryway and a youngster like grin promptly spreads over my face. Before I can even get my shoes off, my grandmother welcomes me with her typical warm hi. I grin back at her and ask what she's been doing. Yet, I don't even need to ask, I would already be able to smell the new bread that has been preparing in the broiler. I get up to go to the kitchen, and her pug, Mack, bounces up and attempts to lick my hand. My grandmother tails me into the kitchen to make some hot tea. I sit on the counter as my grandmother makes the tea. A portion of my best Christmas recollections are of making treats with my grandmother in that very kitchen. We get our tea and return to the lounge area. I sit at the table and tune in to my grandmothers day. She discloses to me that her and grandpa at long last got the Christmas tree up, and the entirety of the improvements put on it, and that after lunch, grandpa is going outside to hang up the entirety of the icicle lights. I put my tea down and go into the lounge room to look at the tree. She turns on the lights, and the tree illuminates like the one in the Rockefeller Focus. I investigate am as yet ready to choose a few trimmings I gave her when I was a young lady. My grandmother co... ...ed directly on finished and locked onto the fence, just this time, it was working in full power. Attempt as I would, I just couldn't give up. At long last, I had the option to pull back my fresh dark palm. Despite the fact that my cousin never accepted this at any point occurred, he assumed if it did, whenever was quite acceptable recompense for taking him to play with the ponies. We return inside and grandmother as of now has some hot tea sitting tight for us. We sit in the front room and catch the finish of the Bronco game. After its over, I figure I better head home. I gaze at the Christmas tree as I stroll back through the front room. Its simply the start of December, and right now I cannot pause for Christmas to arrive. I embrace my grandparents and head out the entryway. As I gradually drive away, I keep on taking a gander at their home in my rearview reflect. I cant hold back to return tomorrow, to my home away from home.

HP Slate Officially Launched For $799

HP Slate Officially Launched For $799 Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!HP Slate Officially Launched For $799Updated On 23/04/2017Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : TechnologyShort URL : http://hbb.me/2ozcymT CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogHP Slate finally reached the market and its official. HP Slate is considered to be one of the main Apple iPad killers. It has the specifications to be one of the most powerful tablets on the market. But its price of $799 makes it more expensive more than the Apple iPad, which is a bad news.Specifications of HP Slate includes a 8.9 inch, 1024×600 resolution screen, and a 1.86GHz Intel Atom Z540 processor. Earlier we shared the main specifications and basic overview of HP Slate. But the fact, that HP Slate has no 3G connectivity is quite discouraging. HP Slate is a device aimed at business customers. Carol Hess-Nickels, director of business notebook marketing at HP said, “It’s really like a full-function PC, it runs Windows, it will run your office applications, it just so happens to be in a slate form factor.799 USD is quite huge in my opinion. Do you really think this much money really matters for this gadget? READTurkey Banned Video Sharing Website Vimeo?

Speech Is The Effective Form Of A Culture - 972 Words

Speech is the effective form of a culture. Poetry enhances the effectiveness of speech if it didn’t then why do communication teachers do things like have you look outside the window and write a poem about what you see in class? Poetry helps you step outside the box be more creative it allows you the chance to speak and so does spoken word which is another form of poetry that I will discuss later in the essay. Poetry was very relevant during times like ancient Greece .If you mention the names Homer, Shakespeare and Sophocles then you will notice people are mostly familiar with those poets. Although the work they created was long ago they would still remember are known they are a famous figure in history. Even during their times they were know figures. Today in the 21st century poetry is dead nobody no longer wants to hear it understand it or listen to it; it doesn’t matter. Poetry was a form of literature that was once a potent drink that has now become diluted. Liter ature helps us understand and make sense of the world around us. Through literature, we explore the human condition and analyze how and why people think the way they think and feel the way they feel. Literature enables us to develop our minds analytically and promotes open minds. We see the world through the eyes of different writers from different cultures and in turn learn the ways to deal with things happening around us. Without literature, we lack insight and understanding of human nature.Show MoreRelatedLanguage Is A Process Of Free Creation919 Words   |  4 Pagesinfinitely varied† (Chomsky). Throughout several cultures, each has their own set of ideas and rules for its language. One language could have several variations of the same sentence structure, grammar, or word definitions. In school, students are taught that language can only be communicated effectively through the proper use of language. This leads to the development of descriptivism and prescriptivism. The use of â€Å"proper† language is expected in effective communication, although understanding a languageRead More Work Environment Paper1015 Words   |  5 Pagespromote and execute effective communication within the workplace. So how well do individuals within an organization communicate with each other? This paper will analyze the amount, types, options, location and speed of communication that is practiced within the FACS Group Inc culture. In addition, this paper will explain how effective team building applies to FACS Group Inc work environment. Furthermore, this paper will include a brief summary of the selected chapter on effective team building, asRead MoreCommunication, Listening, And Language, Singing, Personal Contact, Or Body Language1568 Words   |  7 Pagestherefore, the need for healthcare professionals to communicate effectively. I have selected three methods of interpersonal communications: 1] Language 2] Signing 3] Body Language Language Humans are the only unique species that use language with speech Mcglone Giles, 2011). Language is the human ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication (wikipedia). Language enables verbal communication and is distinctive from non-verbal methods of communication as it allows for extensive descriptionRead MoreThe Art Of Asking By Amanda Palmer1536 Words   |  7 PagesThe first speech I choose to watch is titled ‘The Art of Asking† by Amanda Palmer. At first glance, due to her drawn-on eyebrows and short messy hairstyle, most people would have immediately pushed judgment on her. But, Palmer proves everyone wrong. As Palmer reveals later in the speech, she is a part of the band Grand Theft Orchestra. Through a very powerful story, Palmer persuades her audience; we shouldn t fight the fact that digital content is easy to access and music should be freely sharedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Atlanta Compromise Speech1112 Words   |  5 PagesAtlanta Compromise S peech. He believed that with the hard work of the blacks, that they would earn and gain the respect of the esteemed whites. The main idea of The Atlanta Compromise Speech was that blacks should obtain social responsibility and need to work from the bottom to top to achieve this. Booker T. Washington’s speech was given to persuade the citizens to end the idea of segregation and promote cooperation between blacks and whites during the Recreation Period. The speech was given to makeRead MoreChallenges in Communication850 Words   |  4 Pagesvarious contexts, cultures, channels, and media† (para 1). Information can be transferred by using numerous different communication methods such as verbal communication, written communication, and visual communication, but the most familiar methods are verbal and non-verbal communication. Although they are often used together, verbal and non-verbal communication are undeniably different types of communication. Verbal communication is the presentation of information through speech and is the mostRead MoreA Brand Is The Image Of An Organization770 Words   |  4 Pagesthat is created through design – giving a cosmetic intention to the public, employees and investor to what a business is. The concept of a brand is a shell that covers expression and free speech for employees. Through analysing the various gaps of a major organisation – which are vision-culture gap, image-culture and image-vision, closing these gaps lets managers understand a â€Å"stakeholder’s points of view and needs, the employees perspective and the strategic intent of top management† (Clegg, KornbergerRead MorePart Indigenous Speeches Essay1682 Words   |  7 PagesAboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People by way of a speech that he presented to the 42nd parliament o f the Commonwealth. His speech outlined the past oppression of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people who had to endure pain and suffering. Children were forcibly removed from their families. Mr Rudd opened his speech in parliament with the words â€Å"We honour the Indigenous peoples of this land, the oldest continuing cultures in human history† (2012). It is true that Mr Rudd took theRead MoreThe Impact Of Globalization On The Human Culture, Electronic Devices, And Commerce Essay769 Words   |  4 Pagesflow of capital, and the tapping of cheaper foreign labor markets. How is can this be applied to communication. Communication is a fundamental contribution to globalization. Global culture is the infusion of ideas permeate globally using popular human culture, electronic devices, and commerce. When global culture is partnered with commerce and technology, communication is at the forefront of globalization. Globalization is important to establish a free trade market around the world. Free tradeRead More Arts of the Contact Zone by Mary Louise Pratt Essay575 Words   |  3 Pageszone† appeared and Pratt defined it as social spaces where cultures meet, clash, and grapple with each other, often in contexts of highly asymmetrical relations of power, such as colonialism, slavery, or their aftermaths as they are lived out in many parts of the world today. The idea of the contact zone is intended in part to contrast with ideas of community that trigger much of the thinking about language, communication, and culture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to Pratt, the two distinctive phenomenon

Rich Countries and Their Impact on Nature and Environment

Rich Countries and Their Impact on Nature and Environment The development of human civilization is moving forward at a high speed, and the amount of scientific, technical and other discoveries is growing bigger and bigger every century. Unfortunately, the progress of human race in terms of this development has a flip side of the coin, which is harmful influence upon the natural world of the planet. Sometimes in a chase of a new â€Å"gold mine† that can be found after this or that discovery or invention, we underestimate the impact it has on the environment. From the very beginning of scientific-technical revolution, there have been a lot of situations, when scientists and businessmen turned a blind eye to the consequences of creating another chemical or machine building plant or inventing cheaper way to produce plastic goods. The thirst for money and benefits wins over careful and respected attitude to the environment, and it results in air and water pollution, terminating forests and other actions, that can move us one step closer to wiping life off the face of the planet. Recently the world community had a chance to see with their own eyes how this can end up. I mean BP tragedy and impact it had on the natural balance of the planet. I think that the countries owning the objects of naturally dangerous industry should pay some extra fee, which should be considerable enough to support researches and actions to cope with the consequences of such industry. Usually, these countries are rich enough to do that. But there should be a very strict division: the country must own the object or the object is just situated there. So, for instance, if a chemical plant, located in China belongs, let us say, to the UK, it is the UK that should pay the fee. The fee is a must in our situation. Otherwise, we are close enough to destroying the planet we are living on.

Essay on The Child Abuse Epidemic in the United States

According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 3.3 million referrals for alleged maltreatment were made in 2013. Out of the 3.3 million referrals, 899,000 children were officially documented as being maltreated(Child Abuse Neglect 2015). Child abuse is the mistreatment of a child. Child abuse is recognized in several forms; physical, emotional, sexual and neglect. Children who experience any form of abuse will tend to withdraw themselves from their peers and sometimes from other family members who are not aware of what is taking place. Child abuse occurs not just in the homes of these children, but can also occur in schools, churches and after school programs. Anywhere a child is present there is a chance that abuse can†¦show more content†¦Gill states, â€Å"Children younger than 1 year, the most vulnerable to maltreatment, represent the largest proportion of substantiated abuse. One-third of all children reported as abused in 2009 were younger than 4, and children between ages 4 and 7 represented one-fifth of cases† (2012, p. 30). Emotional Abuse What is emotional abuse? According to Trickett et al, emotional abuse is defined as, â€Å"†¦act or omissions, other than physical abuse or sexual abuse, that caused, or could have caused, conduct, cognitive, affective, or other mental disorders. Psychological or emotional maltreatment frequently occurs as verbal abuse or excessive demands on a child’s performance† (2011). Loue expounds on the terms used interchangeably by stating, â€Å"Emotional abuse, a label often used synonymously with the terms emotional maltreatment, psychological battering, psychological abuse, and soul murder†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (2005). Loue further indicates that emotional abuse has also been called, â€Å"†¦the most elusive and damaging of all types of child abuse and neglect† (2005). Emotional abuse should be recognized as a heinous crime. Children who suffer from this type of abuse may not be as resilient as they are when suffering other forms of abuse. Although emotional abuse does not leave a visible scar for those who look upon the victim, it does leave an indelible scar that will not affect the victim for years to come if the victimShow MoreRelatedChild Abuse959 Words   |  4 Pages                     According to child help (1959-2012) Children around the world are suffering from child abuse and neglect. It is reported that each year 3.3 million reports are made in the United States about child abuse involving 6 million children; this is due to reports that may contain more than two children. Statistic show that every ten second there is a report made that involves child abuse, more than five children that die is a result of child abuse, and approximately 80% of childrenRead MoreChild Welfare And The United States Department Of Justice1692 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to the United States department of Justice, Over sixty percent of American children are exposed to a type of violence every year (Finkelhor, D., Turner, H., Ormrod, R., Hamby, S., and Kracke, K. 2009). These forms of violence can be perpetrated by a victims home, community or school, with majority of children knowing the perpetrator(s). These experiences with violence whether primary or secondary, can cause serio us psychological trauma to a child and in worst case scenarios death. The 2009Read MoreThe Effects Of Drug Abuse On American Soil Essay1539 Words   |  7 PagesIn a day and age where there is no clear or apparent bad guy, the United States battles an elusive foe on our home soil. The current epidemic of drug abuse claims the lives of thousands of Americans without any discrimination or bias. The decades old â€Å"war on drugs† has done little to hinder the devastating carnage of widespread drug abuse decimating today’s youth. This affliction hits home for almost all of us to at least some extent. The enemy is known, we as a country however have yet to deviseRead MorePrescription Drug Abuse And Addiction : Past, Present And Future874 Words   |  4 Pagesarticle Prescription Drug Abuse and Addiction: Past, Present and Future: The Paradigm for an Epidemic written by P. B. Hall MD, DABAM, AAMRO, Denzil Hawkinberry II, MD, DABA, Pam Moyers-Scott, PAC, MPAS, DFAAPA as mo re and more individuals are abusing and becoming addicted to prescription medications. The article provides a great amount of statistical data for the US but is primarily focused on the population in West Virginia where Governor Joe Manchin III states, â€Å"Substance abuse affects a broader segmentRead MoreThe Cost Of Domestic Violence1662 Words   |  7 Pagesforce, or use of violence in intimate relationships. This issue has been an overlooked problem in American society for ages however as it becomes mainstream time and time again and the statics go up, Americans are beginning to see this as a pressing epidemic. With more than 4 million women and 3 million men becoming victims to physical assault in intimate relationships every year, domestic violence has become a societal issue in which it affects people from all walks of life regardless of a person’sRead MoreHelping Stop Child Abuse1623 Words   |  7 PagesHelping Stop Child Abuse Did you know that â€Å"ninety percent of American Children are abused by someone they know or trust (â€Å"Statistic of Child Abuse† 1)? Today, there are three categories of child abuse. The three types consist of physical abuse, emotional abuse, and sexual abuse. All these three types of abuse can cause a child to be petrified to go out in public, or sadly, even see their abusive parents if they are the abuser. An obvious fact that most people can assume is, any child that is abusedRead MoreEssay about The Psychology behind Keeping or Losing Parental Rights1124 Words   |  5 Pageslines for children to be returned to their parents, or terminate parental rights so children could be adopted. In cases of sexual and chronic physical abuse, the ASFA authorized states to dispense with efforts to reunify the family and move directly to termination of parental rights (Myers, 2006, p. 102). In summary, the many advances in the child welfare protections suggest an evolving rec ognition of the special protections that children need and require. â€Å"From the colonial period well into theRead MoreAddicted To Drugs Essay1071 Words   |  5 PagesAddicted to Drugs: Should we Charge Mothers with Child Abuse? In the United States we have been facing an epidemic with opioid use and addiction. According to The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), the rate of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) in the neonatal intensive care units (NICU) have increased from 7 cases per 1,000 admissions in 2004 to 27 cases per 1,000 admissions in 2013. NAS is a syndrome that happens when a baby is exposed to drugs in the womb. To go alongRead MoreDomestic Marital Abuse Against Women1697 Words   |  7 PagesSilenced Cry: Domestic Marital Abuse against Women In the United States, there are about ten people who die from domestic violence every single day. The U.N identifies October as National Domestic Violence Awareness Month. What happens when ‘Home’ is not the safest place to be? Domestic abuse occurs across the world, in various cultures and affects society, irrespective of their economic status. Behaviors that are adopted by a person to control their partner in a relationship refers to domesticRead MoreGlobal Health Is The Health1239 Words   |  5 Pagesaffecting not only Washington, is spreading around the world. One global health issue is the Zika Disease, that has spread throughout the NorthWest and Southern states. Another, global health issue is the drug dependency in Washington that sky rockets each following year. Every state has different global health issues, affecting the state differently. Washington s global health issues are widely spreading to thousands of people, that are putting a toll on families and m edical bills creating more

Cost and Management Accounting Business Planning & Process

Question: Describe about the Cost and Management Accounting for Business Planning Process. Answer: 1. Cost and management accounting Introduction Cost and management accounting refers to the budgeting process of a business. It consists of planning about potential costs that will be occurred in future and applying best efforts to control them so as to gain efficiency. A cost accountant needs to predict expenditure of any future business project and identify the areas where it can be reduced and an efficient budget can be formed. The scope of cost accounting varies from a small business project to the overall business model. Before a project is started, a cost accountant is required to jot down all the expenses and during the project, expenditures are adhered to this plan so that the project may not get over budget. It also helps in management. After the project is completed, actual and budgeted costs are compared to identify the deviations and take corrective actions in future. Cost accounting in education industry In an education industry, cost and management accounting holds great significance since long- term expenditures comprise a major part of their costs. It is evident that long- term expenditures are the most critical ones because they are irreversible and contains huge penalty if prove to be wrong. Hence, a university must be very keen in accounting the potential costs that it will incur in coming future to deliver a particular education program to a single student. All the direct and indirect costs must be properly analysed to form a cost budget. A hypothetical situation is illustrated below (Horngren, 2009). Calculation of the cost per student of delivering a particular degree program from a universitys perspective Lets take a hypothetical situation in which a university has assigned a task to its cost accountant to assess how much will they cost in providing a post graduation degree of management field to a single student. It is also advised to consider all direct and indirect overheads. Expenses should also be classified as educational and non- educational. Besides that, university has the capacity of 800 students in masters of business administration. It has also been given that this university gets a fund for $200,000 every year by the state government to conduct research and development activities intended towards finding better and innovative ways to impart education in the country. Here is the list of different types of expenditures that are reported by the cost accountant that will be incurred next year (Greene, 2000). Educational and non- educational expenses: this category comprises of all the expenses that are incurred by the university on imparting education directly and indirectly. Universities are not only providing education, but also involve in other areas like RD, placement consultation and social welfare practices. All of these are listed under the head of non- educational expenses. But in educational expenses, we only include expenses like cost of infrastructure, furniture, basic amenities, salaries to teaching faculties, educational equipments, etc. The table below shows the description of these expenses. Direct and indirect costs: educational and non- educational expenses are further classified into direct and indirect expenses (Goossens, Rutten-van Mlken, Vlaeyen, van der Linden, 2000). Educational expenses Amount (in $) Indirect costs Cost of infrastructure (classrooms, labs, canteen, other amenities in the building) 100,000,000 (for next 20 years) Cost of furniture 800,000 (for 5 years) Cost of fixtures 200,000 (for five years) Extracurricular instruments 100,000 (for one year) Water treatment plan 700,000 (for two years) Electricity expenses 1,500,000 (for one year) Total 1,003,300,000 Direct costs Salary to faculties 2,500,000 (for one year) Laboratory equipments 500,000 (for one year) Expenses on Cultural and curricular activities 800,000 (for one year) Cost of stationary 400,000 (for one year) Total 4,200,000 Non- educational expenses Amount (in $) Indirect costs Cost of infrastructure (administration offices) 1,000,000 (for 20 years) Salary to management staff 1,500,000 (for one year) Research and development activities 200,000 (funded by government) Public welfare activities 500,000 (for one year) Placement consultation services 500,000 (for one year) Other miscellaneous overheads 100,000 (for one year) Total 3,800,000 Grand total 1,011,300,000 This total cost will be incurred on 800 students over a period of one year. However, some items are very long- term expenditures. Those should spread evenly throughout their life and the rest amount should be carried forward to next year. The cost of educational infrastructure is $100,000,000 for 20 years. For one year, it will be accounted as $100,000,000/ 20 which equal $5,000,000. The cost of furniture is $800,000 for 5 years. For one year, it accounts for $160,000. Cost of fixtures is $200,000 for 5 years. Hence, it will amount to $40,000 for this year. Water treatment plans cost for this year will be $350,000. Cost of administration infrastructure will be included up to $50,000 this year. So, total costs incurred this year would be $14,000,000 approximately. This will be divided by the total capacity of the university for this particular course. Hence, the cost of imparting education per student will be $14,000,000/ 800 which is equal to $17,500+ taxes only. However, the fees charged are quite high that constitutes the profits of the institution (Karmel, 2003). Challenges faced in such calculations Accounting has undergone many changes and up gradation in past decades. It not only includes, recording and interpreting transactions, but also helps in planning and controlling aspects of management. That is why organizations are known to have a hybrid accounting system for their operations. This will help them in getting an overall benefit of this function, but has also posed many challenges to accountant, especially in cost accounting calculations. Few of them are listed below. The major challenge faced by cost accountants is that they have to make plans for future. They do not have time to react to environmental changes, rather they have to behave pro actively to get first mover advantage and competitive edge. This calls for uncertainty and huge risks are involved (Bindl Parker, 2010). The role of accountants has changed from mere book- keepers to planners. They have to make cost and expenditure plans for the organization, which itself is a challenging task. After all, recording past transactions is quite simple than forecasting about future operations (Briers Chua, 2001). Environmental changes pose another challenge for accountants. Suppose a cost accountant has prepared an effective plan but the environment has such a drastic change that even derivative plans will not work, then the entire planning goes in vain (Gray, Owen, Adams, 1996). Organizational change or structural amendments render the plans formulated ineffective. Adhering to such conditions is again a big challenge for accountants (Ezzamel, 1994). Reliability of such calculations There are two phases to be understood in this scenario. First of all, the authenticity of the budget is analysed and checked out that whether the basis used to decide various cost factors and their approximate value is reliable or not. For example, the facets like government funding, corporate social responsibility, moral values have been indulged in the decision- making process or not. These factors will have a significant impact on the universitys cost structure and their reliability based on ethics and societal obligations. Besides that, it will also have a significant impact on the fees structure faced by the students. A profit margin over and above the total costs of a university will be declared as the prescribed amount of fees that must be charged from students. In the case study illustrated above, it is clear that the university has taken government funding into account and RD costs are not added to the total costs incurred by the organization. This shows a positive factor in the cost accounting of the institution. However, they have included the cost of public welfare in the total costs. An organization is expected to incur the expenses on corporate social responsibility out of its profits. It is not desirable that these costs are charged by the students. Hence, this is against the ethical grounds. This reduces the cost accounting reliability to be ethically correct (Onyebuchi, 2011). Besides that, the other phase of this cost and management accounting poses a question as to how much accurate these expenses are. External parties will never know if these expenses are over- estimated in the budget to manipulate profits figures and facts. This completely depends on the morality and ethical quotient of the institutions management and the cost accountant (Carroll, Linsmeier, Petroni, 2003). Topic 2 This essay has talked about corporate social responsibilities and their influence on both company and the society. Different categories of CSR activities have been discussed to know the forms of CSR. Further drivers that push businesses towards CSR activities have been analyzed and finally CSR activities of various big companies have been discussed to understand the relationship between the CSR and profit maximization. Corporate Social Responsibility Along with public sector private sector also consider societal development as their social responsibility. Private firms consider social development as one of the most essential principles of business development. The principle of corporate social responsibility is a way through which private firms contribute in societal development. Further corporate social responsibility is a way to balance the environmental, social and economic responsibilities in their operations to address the expectations of shareholders and other stakeholders. Corporate social responsibility is integrated in the operations of the corporation, their culture, values, strategy, decision making and reporting mechanisms. There are a few categories of CSR that many of the business firms are practicing (IISD, 2016). Environmental Efforts: One of the primary focuses of the firms through CSR activities is environment. Every business regardless of its size has large carbon footprints. Organizations take steps to reduce these carbon footprints. Removal of carbon footprints is considered beneficial for the corporation and the society as a whole. Apart from this some businesses encourage the diffusion and development of environmental friendly technologies. Ethical Labor Practices: Businesses prepare ethical code of conduct for fair treatment with the employees. This is also the part of corporate responsibility. Ethical labor practices are especially significant for the people who are working internationally. Effective abolition of child practices and elimination of all forms of compulsory and forced labor also comes under corporate responsibility of the companies. Philanthropy: Businesses donate to nationals and local charities as a practice of corporate responsibility. Businesses conduct various programs to help the local people and special communities. Volunteering: Some businesses attend social welfare event without any external force and this shows their sincerity towards the welfare of the society. Businesses do good deeds without expecting anything in return and show their concern for specific issues like education, employment, economic development, child labor, environmental etc. (Caramela, 2016). Drivers that pushes businesses towards CSR The shrinking role of government: In the past, governments had resources to deliver environmental and societal objectives but now the government resources are shrinking day by day which have forced the businesses to take initiatives voluntary. Increased customer interest: It is evident that the ethical code of companies influences the purchasing decision of customers. A recent survey conducted by Environics International reported that out of five customers more than one customer rated the companies on the basis of their perceived corporate social responsibilities. This shows the concern of people towards society and the influence of CSR activities on their purchasing decision (Back, 2011). Growing investor pressure: Initially investors used to evaluate the companys performance and on the basis of future growth they took their decision of investment but now investors way of analyzing companys performance has been changed. Now investors include ethical concerns while evaluating companies for further investment. Australian investors are increasingly supporting activist campaigns on human rights and climate change issues. In some cases investors divested companies if they found the assessment of human rights and climate change on risk (Magna International Inc, 2015). Suppliers: Suppliers are the stakeholders of a firm and now stakeholders are increasingly taking interest in business affairs. Supply chain CSR issues include prompt payment, ethical sourcing, human rights of outsourced workers, use of migrant workers, treatment of animals, doing business with oppressive regimes and environmental impact in the supply chain (Whitman, 2015). CSR Policies and Profit maximization After the publication of the Milton Friedmans book: Capitalism and Freedom, there has been a constant debate on relationship between corporate social responsibility and profit maximization. According to Milton every corporate social responsibility is an investment wherein businesses bought assets and items with a hope to generate profit in future. On the other hand, it is argued that social responsibility programs are not meant for making profit in future. For example, software producers providing free software to the universities and drug development corporates donate free drugs to the government and other NGOs for health programs. One of the reasons behind contributing for social concerns is related to the vision and mission statement of the companies. For example Pfizer is an American global pharmaceutical corporation which is committed to health care and therefore company offers drugs for free (Fung, 2015). Despite of the fact that companies offer resources and help to a different segment of society still it does not mean that these firms are just helping the society and behind this there is no personal motive of them. Every corporate house has some personal motive behind any social responsibility. There are three reasons for considering this fact. Whenever a company performs any social responsibility it attracts the media coverage towards the company without any investment in media coverage. For example, if any company wishes to advertise their products through WSJ global edition then it costs nearly $400000 for a full page color advertisement. On the other hand, whenever a firm donates for CSR the social media automatically advertise the companys name. In other words it is also a direct cost saving or indirect profit increasing act (Robins, 2016). Another benefit of performing CSR activity is improved social status of corporate within the local areas. By doing CSR activities firms automatically earns social licenses for their business operations. The best example of this approach is the coal mining firms. Coal mining firms cause serious pollution in the local environment and also deter the overall development of the surrounding area. BHP billion is the worlds third largest global mining, oil and gas company. The company is actively involved in various corporate social responsibilities. BHP has created various foundations like The Minera Escondida Foundation in Chile to improve the quality life of local communities, The Montelbano Educational Foundation in Colombia to provide quality education to Cerro Matoso employees and their familiesetc. BHP SEWA society is focusing development in human and social capabilities of India. Through good social responsibility programs and developing good relationship with the local communities, firms try to get hidden approval for exploration rights (AMMA, 2015). Some companies are making corporate social responsibility a core of their operations such as Starbucks Company has created its C.A.F.E. practices guidelines which ensures that company process coffee by evaluating social, economic and environmental aspects of coffee production. Another notable example of effective CSR are Toms Shoes which donates one pair of shoes to needy children on every purchase of a pair of shoes. This shows that companies are associating CSR activities with their core values and operations. Through this approach of association, organizations are achieving two objectives one is fulfilling their responsibility towards society and another is establishing a strong brand image among the customers (ACCSR, 2016; Caneva, 2014). Conclusion Nonetheless the debate still continues on the role of CSR whether it is a pure non-profit act or it is an investment to generate profit in future. Some points that came into light through this analysis are that most of the big corporate houses contribute in CSR activities either in a wealth protecting or wealth enhancing way. The other fact is that investment in CSR activities always proved a beneficial step for every organization. Most of the executives believe that CSR activities help in improving the image of the organization which ultimately affects the growth of the business. 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